The History of Chocolate: From Ancient Maya to the 1700s


Chocolate has been a special treat for centuries. From the ancient Aztec and Mayan cultures that first discovered the cacao plant to modern-day chocolate innovations, the story of chocolate is rich and fascinating.

A Cocoa Pod

Ancient Beginnings to the 1700s

Follow chocolate's journey from sacred Mayan drink to European luxury — and the first steps toward the bars we know today.

A Cocoa Pod

The Maya Brought Cacao to Mexico

The Maya people moved from their homeland in Guatemala to the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, bringing cacao from the rainforest with them. In Guatemala, they established large plantations dedicated to cacao cultivation.

A Cocoa Pod

Cacao Became Currency and Medicine

In Central America, cacao beans became a form of currency.

Historical illustrations show that 10 cacao beans could purchase a rabbit, while 100 beans could buy an enslaved person. Beyond their value as money, cacao beans were used to make a bitter drink believed to treat coughs and fevers.
Aztec Harvesting Chocolate

Aztecs Prized Cacao-Flavored Drinks

The Aztecs began to rule Mexico and demanded cacao beans as taxes.

The Aztecs used the cacao bean to prepare a drink flavored with flowers, vanilla, and honey — a highly prized delicacy among rulers and nobles.
Christopher Columbus

Columbus Introduced Cacao to Spain

Christopher Columbus tasted xocoatl but did not enjoy it. He brought cacao beans back to Europe — one of the first times the plant had been seen in the Old World.

Cortés

Cortés Started Cacao Plantations in Mexico

Hernán Cortés arrived in Mexico, conquered the Aztecs, and recognized the value of cacao. He built cacao plantations in Mexico City in the name of Spain.

Rich Drinking Cocoa in Spain

Spain Adopted Cacao as a Luxury

Cortés brought cacao to Spain, where it was sweetened with sugar and became a luxury item enjoyed exclusively by the wealthy.

Cocoa Bean

Cacao Trade Began with Spain

The first commercial shipment of cacao was sent to Spain, marking the beginning of international chocolate trade.

Anne of Austria

Anne Introduces Chocolate to France

Anne of Austria, a Spanish princess, married Louis XIII of France and introduced the Spanish tradition of chocolate drinking to French society.

England's Chocolate House

England Opens First Chocolate House

England's first chocolate house was established by a Frenchman. Chocolate was a luxury item, costing 6 to 8 shillings per pound — affordable only to the rich.

Louis XIV

Chocolate Shared Beyond Royalty

Maria Theresa of Austria married Louis XIV of France and shared her passion for chocolate. For the first time, chocolate drinking extended beyond royal circles to the public.

Chocolate Praline

Pralines Invented in Germany

The famous pralines were invented by a chef in Genensburg, Germany, adding another delicious dimension to chocolate's culinary appeal.

Squares of Chocolate

First Solid Chocolate Sold

A London coffeehouse began selling the first solid chocolate in stick form, paving the way for the modern chocolate bar.

Charles VI

Chocolate Reaches Vienna

Charles VI relocated from Madrid, Spain, to Vienna, bringing chocolate with him and introducing it to Austrian society.

Drinking Chocolate

Italy Begins Serving Chocolate

Chocolate became a popular indulgence in Italy, particularly in Florence and Venice, where it was served as a delicacy.

Still Life with Chocolate Service 1770

Dubuisson Improves Cacao Grinding

Monsieur Dubuisson, a French inventor, created a table heated by charcoal for grinding cacao beans, allowing workers to stand while grinding and greatly simplifying chocolate production.

Baker's Chocolate

U.S. Baker's Chocolate Founded

The Baker Chocolate Company was founded in Dorchester, Massachusetts, by James Baker and John Hannon — the first time chocolate was produced in the United States.

Machine-Made Chocolate

First Machine-Made Chocolate Produced

Barcelona, Spain, saw the production of the first machine-made chocolate, marking a milestone in chocolate manufacturing.

Baker's Chocolate Brand

"Baker's Chocolate" Branding Starts

Dr. James Baker began branding his products as "Baker's Chocolate," a name that became synonymous with quality chocolate in America.

Steam Machine

Steam Powers Chocolate Grinding

J. S. Fry & Sons in England introduced steam-powered grinding for cacao beans, revolutionizing chocolate production and paving the way for industrial-scale manufacturing.

Use this free scavenger hunt to make exploring the timeline fun and educational for your students. This activity invites them to create their own mini-timelines by identifying specific dates and details from these pages. Download the free printable here to get started.

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